Z. Lu, J. Lach, M.R. Stan, and K. Skadron.
Tech Report CS-2002-21, Univ. of Virginia Dept. of Computer Science, July, 2002.

Abstract
This paper introduces "alloyed" prediction, a new two-level predictor organization that combines global and local history in the same structure, combining the advantages of two-level predictors and hybrid predictors. The alloyed organization is motivated by measurements showing that "wrong-history mispredictions" are even more important than conflict-induced mispredictions. Wrong-history mispredictions arise because current two-level, history-based predictors provide only global or only local history. The contribution of wrong-history to the overall misprediction rate is substantial because most programs have some branches that require global history and others that require local history. This paper explores several ways to implement alloyed prediction, including the previously proposed bi-mode organization. Simulations show that "mshare" is the best alloyed organization among those we examine, and that mshare gives reliably good prediction compared to bimodal ("two-bit"), two-level, and hybrid predictors. The robust performance of alloying across a range of predictor sizes stems from its ability to attack wrong-history mispredictions at even very small sizes without subdividing the branch predictor into smaller and less effective components.