''' Purpose: introduce casting -- constructing a value of one type
                from a value of  another type

        int( s ): returns the integer constructed from integer numeric
                        string s
        int( d ): returns the integer part of decimal d

        float( s ): returns the decimal constructed from  numeric
                        string s.  there maybe loss of precision

        float( i ): returns the decimal constructed using integer i.
                        there maybe loss of precision
        
        str( x ) : returns a string version of x
'''

# Casting - converting from one type to another
# Types we've seen so far:
    # int (ex. 3)
    # float (ex. 3.0)
    # string (ex. '3')

# define values for int and float casting
integer_string = '7'
decimal_string = '3.2'
decimal_number = 1327934872398572398.5235987239482930480239840293842039
integer_number = 427349871239859274129759821751982798127508923759823175891273598172398572398

# get integer conversions
i1 = int( integer_string ) # int('7') -> 7  # Convert string of number to an integer
i2 = int( decimal_number ) # int(13.5) -> 13    # Convert float (decimal) to an integer

# get decimal conversions
f1 = float( integer_number ) # float(4) -> 4.0 # Convert integer to a float
f2 = float( decimal_string ) # float('3.2') -> 3.2 # Convert string of decimal to a float

# print conversion statements
print()

print( 'integer_string = \'' + integer_string + '\'' )
print( 'decimal_string = \'' + decimal_string + '\'' )
print( 'decimal_number =', decimal_number )
print( 'integer_number =', integer_number )

print()

print( 'i1 = int( integer_string )' )
print( 'i2 = int( decimal_number )' )

print()

print( 'f1 = float( integer_number )' )
print( 'f2 = float( decimal_string )' )

print()
reply = input( 'Enter when ready. ' )
print()

# use conversions in arithmetic
total1 = i1 + i2
total2 = f1 + f2

print( i1, '+', i2, '=', total1 )
print( f1, '+', f2, '=', total2 )

print()
reply = input( 'Enter when ready. ' )
print()

# define and print some numbers for string cast
nbr1 = 37     # integer
nbr2 = 12.15      # decimal

print( 'nbr1 =', nbr1 )
print( 'nbr2 =', nbr2 )

print()

# get and print string conversions
s1 = str( nbr1 ) # str(37) -> '37'  # Convert int to a string
s2 = str( nbr2 ) # str(12.15) -> '12.15'    # Convert float to a string

# '37' + '12.15' (String concatenation - glue strings together!) -> '3712.15'

# print conversion statements
print( 's1 = str( nbr1 )' )
print( 's2 = str( nbr2 )' )

print()
reply = input( 'Enter when ready. ' )
print()

# use them
s3 = s1 + s2

print( '\'' + s1 + '\' +', '\'' + s2 + '\' =', '\'' + s3 + '\'' )

# print('\'') is just printing ' (like the apostophe itself)
# If you want to have a quote inside a quote, these are called special/escape characters
# \' is the character ' (the single quote)
# For s1 = '2' and s2 = '3.0'
# So this would print out
# '2' + '3.0' = '23.0' based on this print statement ^