Class 40 — Friday May 7
One more chance to be a class
Dream big and work hard — Celebrate diversity — Always pay forward
Look both ways
Agenda
Thanks again to the TAsWant to be a TA for CS 1112
Project — Traveling Salesperson Problem assistance
Due Saturday May 8
Will be available on Friday during class time
In the below Wikipedia figure, the red dots represent city locations and the tour of edges connecting them is the least length of all tours.
Files
Discussion
- The Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) is one of the most famous problems in Computer Science. See wikipedia for a good discussion.
- The input to the problem is a list of
n city locations.
- The locations of the above points are given by the list
cities .
cities = [ (281, 234), (515, 321), (738, 44), (530, 60), (410, 377), (135, 293), (883, 158), (366, 307), (380, 166), (881, 34) ]
- A solution to the TSP problem determines the best tour of the cities.
- A tour indicates how to go from city to city in a way that never revisits any city except for finally going back to the start city.
- The distance between two cities is the length of the edge that directly connects them. This type of distance is known an Euclidean distance.
- The best tour is the one that has the least distance of all possible tours.
- A tour is stored as an arrangement of indices from 0 through
n-1 ,
- What is intriguing about the TSP problem is that no one knows whether it is possible to quickly guarantee finding an optimal tour. Most Computer Scientists guess that it is not possible to quickly guarantee an optimal tour.
- The above tours are gotten using the below orderings.
start_tour = [ 0, 7, 4, 8, 1, 3, 9, 6, 2, 5 ] mid_tour = [ 0, 7, 5, 4, 1, 2, 9, 6, 3, 8 ] end_tour = [ 0, 5, 4, 1, 7, 8, 3, 2, 9, 6 ]
Your task
- Implement six functions to assist someone who is trying come with a heuristic strategy to generate a good solution.
Function d( cities, i1, i2 )
- Parameter
cities is a list of points; where a point is an pair of x-coordinate and y-coordinate values.
- Parameters
i1 and i2 are indexes into cities .
- The function returns the Euclidean distance between cities
i1 and i2 .
- Suppose
x1 and y1 are the coordinate values for city i1 .
- Suppose
x2 and y2 are the coordinate values for city i2 .
- The distance between the two cities is
- The Python exponentiation operator
** allows decimal operands. So, it can be used for both squaring and square rooting.
- The built-in tester should produce the following output
testing d() cities: [(281, 468), (515, 643), (738, 88), (530, 120), (410, 754)] a: 2 b: 4 d( cities, a, b ): 742.3880386967452
Function swap( tour, i1, i2 )
- Parameter
tour is an arrangement (list) of the integers in the range( 0, n ) .
- The function swaps the values at
tour[ i1 ] and tour[ i2 ]
- The function does not do a return.
- The built-in tester should produce the following output
testing swap() i1: 2 i2: 4 tour before swapping at indices i1 and i2: [4, 3, 1, 0, 2] tour after swapping at indices i1 and i2: [4, 3, 2, 0, 1]
Function random_location( w, h )
- Parameter
w is a width, and parameter h is a height.
- The function returns a random coordinate
( x, y ) , where x is a random value from the range( 0, w ) and y is a random value from the range( 0, h ) .
- The built-in tester should produce the following output
testing random_location() w: 1000 h: 500 random_location( w, h ): (355, 250)
Function initialize_city_locations( n, w, h )
- The functions returns a list
cities composed of n random locations, where
- The x-coordinate of every location is from the
range( 0, w ) .
- The y-coordinate of every location is from the
range( 0, h ) .
- The function uses a loop to accumulate the
n locations.
- Each iteration the function makes use of function
random_location() to generate another location.
- The new location is appended to the
cities list.
- The built-in tester should produce the following output
testing initialize_city_locations() n: 4 w: 1000 h: 500 initialize_city_locations( n, w, h ): [(281, 234), (515, 321), (738, 44), (530, 60)]
Function cost( cities, tour )
- Parameter
cities is a list of points.
- Parameter
tour is an arrangement of indices into cities .
- The function accumulates and returns the sum of distances from the first city to the second city, the second city to the third city, the third city to fouth city, and so on. Plus the distance from the last city to the first city.
Set n to number of cities . Initialize accumulator to 0 . For i in the interval 0 ... n-2 do Set a and b to be respectively the i th and i+1 th tour entries. Add to the accumulator the distance between the a th and b th cities entries. Set a and b to be respectively the 0 th and n-1 th tour entries. Add to the accumulator the distance between the a th and b th cities entries.
- The built-in tester should produce the following output
testing cost() cities: [(281, 468), (515, 643), (738, 88), (530, 120), (410, 754)] tour: [4, 2, 0, 3, 1] cost( cities, tour ): 2440.652320335747
Function consider( cities, tour, i1, i2 )
- Parameter
cities is a list of points.
- Parameter
tour is an arrangement of indices into cities .
- Parameters
i1 and i2 and are indices.
- The function performs the following actions
- Computes the cost
c1 of the current tour .
- Performs a swap of the of
tour elements at indices i1 and i2 .
- Computes the cost
c2 of the new tour .
- If
c2 is less than c1 , the function returns True . Otherwise, the function reswaps tour elements at indices i1 and i2 (thus, restoring the better solution) and returns False .
- The built-in tester should produce the following output
testing consider() cities: [(281, 468), (515, 643), (738, 88), (530, 120), (410, 754)] starting tour: [1, 0, 4, 3, 2] i1: 2 i2: 4 consider( cities, tour, i1, i2 ): True current tour: [1, 0, 2, 3, 4]
cities: [(281, 468), (515, 643), (738, 88), (530, 120), (410, 754)] starting tour: [1, 0, 4, 3, 2] i1: 1 i2: 3 consider( cities, tour, i1, i2 ): False current tour: [1, 0, 4, 3, 2]
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